10、创建一个由至少两个物理卷组成的大小为20G的卷组;要求,PE大小为8M;而在卷组中创建一个大小为5G的逻辑卷mylv1,格式化为ext4文件系统,开机自动挂载至/users目录,支持acl;
[root@wangyafei ~]# fdisk -l磁盘 /dev/sda:128.8 GB,128849018880 字节,251658240 个扇区Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512字节 / 512 字节I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512字节 / 512 字节磁盘标签类型:dos磁盘标识符:0x000aaf3f 设备Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux/dev/sda2 4196352 96479231 46141440 8e Linux LVM磁盘 /dev/sdb:53.7 GB, 53687091200字节,104857600 个扇区Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512字节 / 512 字节I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512字节 / 512 字节磁盘 /dev/mapper/cl-root:42.9 GB,42945478656 字节,83877888 个扇区Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512字节 / 512 字节I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512字节 / 512 字节磁盘 /dev/mapper/cl-swap:4294 MB,4294967296 字节,8388608 个扇区Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512字节 / 512 字节I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512字节 / 512 字节[root@wangyafei ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。使用写入命令前请三思。Device does not contain a recognized partition table使用磁盘标识符 0x9a210386 创建新的DOS 磁盘标签。命令(输入 m 获取帮助):nPartition type: p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extendedSelect (default p): p分区号 (1-4,默认1):起始扇区 (2048-104857599,默认为2048):将使用默认值 2048Last 扇区, +扇区 or+size{K,M,G} (2048-104857599,默认为104857599):+10G分区 1 已设置为Linux 类型,大小设为 10 GiB命令(输入 m 获取帮助):nPartition type: p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free) e extendedSelect (default p): p分区号 (2-4,默认2):起始扇区 (20973568-104857599,默认为20973568):将使用默认值 20973568Last 扇区, +扇区 or+size{K,M,G} (20973568-104857599,默认为104857599):+10G分区 2 已设置为Linux 类型,大小设为 10 GiB命令(输入 m 获取帮助):t分区号 (1,2,默认2):1Hex 代码(输入 L 列出所有代码):L 0 空 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / 旧 Linu bf Solaris 1 FAT12 27 隐藏的NTFS Win 82 Linux 交换/ So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 隐藏的 C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux 扩展 c7 Syrinx 5 扩展 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS 卷集 da 非文件系统数据 6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS 卷集 db CP/M / CTOS / . 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux 纯文本 de Dell 工具 8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 第2部分 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX 可启动 4f QNX4.x 第3部分 93 Amoeba e1 DOS 访问 a OS/2 启动管理器 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad 休 eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 扩展 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC 11 隐藏的FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaq 诊断 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 隐藏的FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin 启动 f2 DOS 次要 16 隐藏的FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 隐藏的HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST 智能睡眠 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid 自动1b 隐藏的W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure 多启bb Boot Wizard 隐 fe LANstep 1c 隐藏的W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris 启动 ff BBT 1e 隐藏的W95 FAT1 80 旧Minix Hex 代码(输入 L 列出所有代码):8e已将分区“Linux”的类型更改为“LinuxLVM”命令(输入 m 获取帮助):t分区号 (1,2,默认2):2Hex 代码(输入 L 列出所有代码):8e已将分区“Linux”的类型更改为“LinuxLVM”命令(输入 m 获取帮助):wThe partition table has been altered!Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.正在同步磁盘。[root@wangyafei ~]# partx -a /dev/sdbpartx: /dev/sdb: error adding partitions 1-2[root@wangyafei ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb{1,2} Physical volume"/dev/sdb1" successfully created. Physical volume "/dev/sdb2"successfully created.[root@wangyafei ~]# pvs # PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda2 cl lvm2 a-- 44.00g 4.00m /dev/sdb1 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g /dev/sdb2 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g[root@wangyafei ~]# vgcreate -s 8M myvg /dev/sdb{1,2} Volume group "myvg"successfully created[root@wangyafei ~]# vgdisplay # --- Volume group --- VG Name cl System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 3 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 2 Open LV 2 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 44.00 GiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 11264 Alloc PE / Size 11263 / 44.00 GiB Free PE / Size 1 / 4.00 MiB VG UUID 8QRUBs-CFNx-5MnZ-4cKp-1gAH-4x2r-GZNJnK --- Volume group --- VG Name myvg System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 2 Metadata Sequence No 1 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 0 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 2 Act PV 2 VG Size 19.98 GiB PE Size 8.00 MiB Total PE 2558 Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0 Free PE / Size 2558 / 19.98 GiB VG UUID pLfdvf-A4Ns-BAfM-bZAd-yIkg-6b7o-GSObEp [root@wangyafei ~]# lvcreate -L 5G -n mylv1 myvg Logical volume "mylv1"created.[root@wangyafei ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/myvg/mylv1mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)文件系统标签=OS type: Linux块大小=4096 (log=2)分块大小=4096 (log=2)Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user第一个数据块=0Maximum filesystem blocks=134217728040 block groups32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group8192 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912,819200, 884736Allocating group tables: 完成 正在写入inode表: 完成 Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成 [root@wangyafei ~]# mkdir /users[root@wangyafei ~]# vim /etc/fstab[root@wangyafei ~]# cat /etc/fstab## /etc/fstab# Created by anaconda on Tue Jan 31 20:45:26 2017## Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info#/dev/mapper/cl-root / xfs defaults 0 0UUID=5cd62028-36a3-4147-a3d4-8ff6b5d7500b /boot xfs defaults 0 0/dev/mapper/cl-swap swap swap defaults 0 0/dev/mapper/myvg-mylv1 /users ext4 acl 0 0[root@wangyafei ~]# mount -a[root@wangyafei ~]# mount | grep '^/dev/mapper/myvg-mylv1'/dev/mapper/myvg-mylv1 on /users type ext4(rw,relatime,seclabel,data=ordered)[root@wangyafei ~]# df -lh文件系统 容量 已用 可用已用%挂载点/dev/mapper/cl-root 40G 4.8G 36G 12% /devtmpfs 982M 0 982M 0% /devtmpfs 993M 0 993M 0% /dev/shmtmpfs 993M 9.0M 984M 1% /runtmpfs 993M 0 993M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda1 2.0G 128M 1.9G 7% /boottmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0/dev/mapper/myvg-mylv1 4.8G 20M 4.6G 1% /users[root@wangyafei ~]#
11、扩展mylv1至9G,确保扩展完成后原有数据完全可用;
[root@wangyafei ~]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda2 cl lvm2 a-- 44.00g 4.00m /dev/sdb1 myvg lvm2 a-- 9.99g 4.99g /dev/sdb2 myvg lvm2 a-- 9.99g 9.99g[root@wangyafei ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree cl 1 2 0 wz--n- 44.00g 4.00m myvg 2 1 0 wz--n- 19.98g 14.98g[root@wangyafei ~]# lvextend -L 9G /dev/myvg/mylv1 Size of logical volumemyvg/mylv1 changed from 5.00 GiB (640 extents) to 9.00 GiB (1152 extents). Logical volume myvg/mylv1 successfullyresized.[root@wangyafei ~]# resize2fs -p /dev/myvg/mylv1resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)Filesystem at /dev/myvg/mylv1 is mounted on /users; on-line resizing requiredold_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 2The filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv1 is now 2359296 blocks long.[root@wangyafei ~]# df -lh #文件系统 容量 已用 可用已用%挂载点/dev/mapper/cl-root 40G 4.8G 36G 12% /devtmpfs 982M 0 982M 0% /devtmpfs 993M 0 993M 0% /dev/shmtmpfs 993M 9.0M 984M 1% /runtmpfs 993M 0 993M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup/dev/sda1 2.0G 128M 1.9G 7% /boottmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0/dev/mapper/myvg-mylv1 8.8G 23M 8.3G 1% /users[root@wangyafei ~]#
12、缩减mylv1至7G,确保缩减完成后原有数据完全可用;
[root@wangyafei ~]# umount /dev/myvg/mylv1[root@wangyafei ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/myvg/mylv1e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)第一步: 检查inode,块,和大小第二步: 检查目录结构第3步: 检查目录连接性Pass 4: Checking reference counts第5步: 检查簇概要信息/dev/myvg/mylv1: 11/589824 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 75551/2359296 blocks[root@wangyafei ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv1 7Gresize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)Resizing the filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv1 to 1835008 (4k) blocks.The filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv1 is now 1835008 blocks long.[root@wangyafei ~]# lvreduce -L 7G /dev/myvg/mylv1 WARNING: Reducing active logicalvolume to 7.00 GiB. THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystemetc.)Do you really want to reduce myvg/mylv1? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume myvg/mylv1changed from 9.00 GiB (1152 extents) to 7.00 GiB (896 extents). Logical volume myvg/mylv1 successfullyresized.[root@wangyafei ~]# lvs # LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert root cl -wi-ao---- 40.00g swap cl -wi-ao---- 4.00g mylv1 myvg -wi-a----- 7.00g
13、对mylv1创建快照,并通过备份数据;要求保留原有的属主属组等信息;
[root@wangyafei ~]# lvcreate -L 3G -p r -s-n mylv1_bak /dev/myvg/mylv1
14、如何将Linux主机接入到TCP/IP网络,请描述详细的步骤。(手动指定的方式)
使用ifconfig查看网卡配置信息,看主要使用的网卡名称
到/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/目录下查找对应的网卡配置文件
主要配置项
DEVICE(设备名称)
TYPE(设备类型。端口为Ethernet)
ONBOOT(系统启动时读取)
BOOTPROTO=static(ip配置协议。当前为静态ip,可设置DHCP,)
IPADDR(ip地址)
NETMASK(子网掩码)
GATEWAY(网关地址)
DNS1(DNS服务器地址)
重启网络服务 service network restart
在CLI中输入ping www.magedu.com/测试网络连接
15、为Linux主机配置网络信息的方式有哪些,请描述各个过程。
ifconfig eth0 IP/mask
ip addr add IP device eth0
Linux网络属性配置的tui(textuser interface):system-config-network-tui
使用setup图形界面设置
16、写一个脚本,使用ping命令探测172.16.250.1-172.16.250.254之间的所有主机的在线状态;
在线的主机使用绿色显示;
不在线的主使用红色显示;
#!/bin/bash
#
for i in {1..254};do
ping -c 1 -w 1"192.168.1.$i" > /dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0 ];then
echo -e"\033[0;32;1m 172.16.250.$i is up \033[0m"
else
echo -e"\033[0;31;1m 172.16.250.$i is down \033[0m"
fi
done
17、常用的网络管理类工具有哪些,并用示例形式描述他们的使用方法。
ifconfig
常见用法:
查看网卡信息:ifconfig [interface]
查看所有网卡信息:ifconifg -a
开启或关闭网卡:ifconfig IFACE [up|down]
配置网卡参数:ifconfig interface [aftype] options | address ...
配置网卡IP地址:
ifconfig IFACE IP/mask [up]
ifconfig IFACE IP network MASK
[root@localhost~]# ifconfig
eno16777736:flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet192.168.2.108 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.2.255
inet6fe80::20c:29ff:fe0d:4a8b prefixlen64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether00:0c:29:0d:4a:8b txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets6681 bytes 455288 (444.6 KiB)
RX errors0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 1627 bytes 268207 (261.9 KiB)
TX errors0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets4 bytes 340 (340.0 B)
RX errors0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets4 bytes 340 (340.0 B)
TX errors0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether52:54:00:47:81:6c txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)
RX packets0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes0 (0.0 B)
TX errors0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
说明:
eno16777736:表示当前使用的网卡,
flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> 标志状态
mtu 1500:最大数据包大小为 1500bytes
网卡的IPv地址:inet192.168.2.108,
子网掩码:netmask 255.255.255.0,
广播地址:broadcast 192.168.2.255,
网卡的IPv6地址:inet6fe80::20c:29ff:fe0d:4a8b
网卡物理地址(MAC地址):ether00:0c:29:0d:4a:8b
lo:表示主机的回坏地址的相关信息。
virbr0:表示虚拟机桥接网络的相关信息。
配置IP地址
1.给网卡配置IP地:192.168.2.156
[root@localhost~]# ifconfig ens33 192.168.2.156
ip:显示/配置路由,接口,策略路由和隧道
常见用法:
网卡添加多一个IP地址,并设置别名为eth0:0
ipaddr IPADDR/MASK dev eth0 label 'eth0:0'
显示网卡设备的信息: ipaddr show
清除IP地址信息:ip addr flush dev interface
添加路由:ip routeadd TARGET via GW dev INTERFACE src SOURCE_IP
删除单条路由: iproute del TARGET
示例:
[root@wangyafei~]# ip addr show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueuestate UNKNOWN qlen 1
link/loopback00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scopehost lo
valid_lft foreverpreferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scopehost
valid_lft foreverpreferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdiscpfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether00:0c:29:65:87:db brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.2.107/24brd 192.168.2.255 scope global dynamic ens33
valid_lft 4860secpreferred_lft 4860sec
inet6fe80::1efb:59d6:3462:a123/64 scope link
valid_lft foreverpreferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500qdisc noqueue state DOWN qlen 1000
link/ether52:54:00:26:96:17 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.122.1/24brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
valid_lft foreverpreferred_lft forever
4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdiscpfifo_fast master virbr0 state DOWN qlen 1000
link/ether52:54:00:26:96:17 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@wangyafei ~]#
route:路由管理命令
查看路由条目:route-n
添加路由条目:routeadd
route add [-net|-host] target[netmask Nm] [gw Gw] [[dev] if]
删除路由:routedel
route del [-net|-host] target [gwGw] [netmask Nm] [[dev] If]
示例
[root@wangyafei ~]# route -nKernelIP routing tableDestination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface0.0.0.0 192.168.2.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens33192.168.2.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0[root@wangyafei ~]#
netstat:显示网络连接、路由表、接口数据统计、伪装连接、组播成员关系
常用选项:
-t : 显示TCP协议相关已建立的连接(ESTABLISHED)
-u : 显示UDP协议相关已建立的连接(ESTABLISHED)
-r : 显示raw socket(裸套接字)相关已建立的连接(ESTABLISHED)
-l : 处于监听状态的连接
-n : 以数字显示IP和协议端口(默认显示协议名称,如SSH)
-a : 显示所有状态的连接
-e : 扩展格式
-p : 显示相关进程及PID
常用组合:
-tan , -uan , -tnl, -unl,-tunlp
示例
[root@wangyafei ~]# netstat -t
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 52 wangyafei:ssh 192.168.2.100:49291 ESTABLISHED
[root@wangyafei ~]# netstat -u
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
udp 0 0 wangyafei:58937 85.199.214.101:ntp ESTABLISHED
udp 0 0 wangyafei:48190 161.53.131.133:ntp ESTABLISHED
ss:网络状态查看工具
常见选项:
-t : tcp协议相关
-u : udp协议相关
-w : 裸套接字相关
-x : unix sock相关
-l : listen状态的连接
-a : 所有
-n : 数字格式
-p : 相关的程序及PID
-e : 扩展的信息
-m : 内存用量
-o : 计时器信息
常用组合:
-tan , -tanl , -tanlp ,-uan,-tunlp
[root@wangyafei ~]# ss -tan
State Recv-Q Send-QLocal Address:Port PeerAddress:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:111 *:*
LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:631 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6010 *:*
ESTAB 0 52 192.168.2.107:22 192.168.2.100:49291
LISTEN 0 128 :::111 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:631 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6010 :::*
[root@wangyafei ~]#
18、写一个脚本,完成以下功能
(1) 假设某目录(/etc/rc.d/rc3.d/)下分别有K开头的文件和S开头的文件若干;
(2) 显示所有以K开头的文件的文件名,并且给其附加一个stop字符串;
(3) 显示所有以S开头的文件的文件名,并且给其附加一个start字符串;
(4) 分别统计S开头和K开头的文件各有多少;
#!/bin/bash
declare -i k=0,s=0
for i in $(ls /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/K* | grep -o"[^/]*$");do
echo "$istop"
let k++
done
for j in $(ls /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/S* | grep -o"[^/]*$");do
echo "$jstart"
let s++
done
echo "S开头的文件有$s个"
echo "K开头的文件有$k个"
19、写一脚本,用ping命令测试172.16.250.20-172.16.250.100以内有哪些主机在线,将在线的显示出来;
#!/bin/bash
#
for((i=20;i<=100;i++));do
ping -w 1 -c 1172.16.250.$i &>/dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0];then
echo "172.16.250.$ionline"
fi
done
20、打印九九乘法表;
[root@wangyafei ~]# vim test11.sh
[root@wangyafei ~]# cat test11.sh
#!/bin/bash
#Authen:wangyafei
i=1
j=1
for i in {1..9};do
for j in $(seq 1$i);do
echo -e -n"${i}*${j}=$[$i*$j]\t"
done
echo
done
[root@wangyafei ~]# bash test11.sh
1*1=1
2*1=2 2*2=4
3*1=3 3*2=6 3*3=9
4*1=4 4*2=8 4*3=12 4*4=16
5*1=5 5*2=10 5*3=15 5*4=20 5*5=25
6*1=6 6*2=12 6*3=18 6*4=24 6*5=30 6*6=36
7*1=7 7*2=14 7*3=21 7*4=28 7*5=35 7*6=42 7*7=49
8*1=8 8*2=16 8*3=24 8*4=32 8*5=40 8*6=48 8*7=56 8*8=64
9*1=9 9*2=18 9*3=27 9*4=36 9*5=45 9*6=54 9*7=63 9*8=72 9*9=81
[root@wangyafei ~]#